Most of the information related to SQL Server or DB are stored in the system catalogs like sys tables or information_schema views.
sys.servers – local, remote and linked servers
sp_helpserver – SQL Server metrics
sp_configure – server wide configurations like DOP, processors etc.,
sp_serveroption – Configures server options for remote or linked servers
SELECT SERVERPROPERTY(‘Edition’) – collation, edition, instance name, security configuration, etc
sp_server_info – Approximately 30 connection related parameters primarily for ODBC
SELECT @@SERVERNAME – return the SQL Server instance name
sp_helpsort – System stored procedure to return the sort order and character set for the SQL Server
sp_who2 – active processes
sys.dm_exec_sessions – process (spid) is active, sleeping, etc
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